Working principle of continuous distillation unit
Release Time:
2022-12-20
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The rectification tower provides vapor-liquid two-phase contact for interphase mass transfer. The condenser at the top of the tower condenses the vapor partially, and part of the condensed liquid returns to the top of the tower as reflux liquid, and the rest of the distillate is the top product of the tower. The reboiler located at the bottom of the column vaporizes part of the liquid, the vapor rises up the column, and the remaining liquid is used as the bottom product. The feed is added in the middle of the tower, the liquid in the feed and the liquid from the upper tower descend down the tower together, and the vapor in the feed rises along the tower with the vapor from the lower tower. In the whole rectification column, the gas-liquid two-phase contacts in countercurrent to carry out interphase mass transfer. The volatile components in the liquid phase enter the vapor phase, and the less volatile components in the vapor phase transfer to the liquid phase. For systems that do not form azeotropes, as long as the design and operation are proper, the distillate will be a high-purity volatile component, and the bottom product will be a high-purity non-volatile component. The tower section above the feed inlet further concentrates the volatile components in the rising vapor, which is called the rectification section; the tower section below the feed inlet extracts the volatile components from the descending liquid, called the stripping section. The combination of two stages of operation can completely separate the two components in the liquid mixture and produce two products with the required purity.
The reason why continuous distillation can separate the liquid mixture more completely lies in the application of reflux. The reflux includes both a liquid with a high concentration of volatile components at the top of the column and a vapor with a high concentration of less volatile components at the bottom of the column to return to the column. The vapor-liquid reflux forms a vapor-liquid two-phase in countercurrent contact, so that relatively pure single-component products are obtained at both ends of the tower. The ratio of the amount of liquid flowing back into the tower at the top of the tower to the amount of the top product is called the reflux ratio, which is an important control parameter for the rectification operation, and its change affects the separation effect and energy consumption of the rectification operation.
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